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KMID : 0923620140140040187
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Immune Network
2014 Volume.14 No. 4 p.187 ~ p.200
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Prophylactic and Therapeutic Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity Against Mucosal Infection of Herpes Simplex Virus
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Uyangaa Erdenebileg
Patil Ajit Mahadev
Eo Seong-Kug
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Abstract
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Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral repli-cation in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential trans-mission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and ther-apeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our un-derstanding of the immune responses against mucosal in-fection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance be-tween innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recog-nition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple im-mune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional den-dritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate im-mune response is required not only for the early control of vi-ral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is con-troversial, CD4＋ Th1 T cells producing IFN-? are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunopro-phylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resist-ance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regu-lations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune me-diators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.
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KEYWORD
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Herpes simplex virus, Mucosal infection, Innate immunity, Adaptive immunity, Toll-like receptors, Type I IFN receptors
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